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You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1 - 13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
In Paris, urban farmers are trying a soil-free approach to agriculture that uses less space and fewer resources. Could it help cities face the threats to our food supplies?
On top of a striking new exhibition hall in southern Paris, the world’s largest urban rooftop farm has started to bear fruit. Strawberries that are small, intensely flavoured and resplendently red sprout abundantly from large plastic tubes. Peer inside and you see the tubes are completely hollow, the roots of dozens of strawberry plants dangling down inside them. From identical vertical tubes nearby burst row upon row of lettuces; near those are aromatic herbs, such as basil, sage and peppermint.Opposite, in narrow, horizontal trays packed not with soil but with coconut fibre, grow cherry tomatoes, shiny aubergines and brightly coloured chards.
Pascal Hardy, an engineer and sustainable development consultant, began experimenting with vertical farming and aeroponic growing towers – as the soil-free plastic tubes are known – on his Paris apartment block roof five years ago. The urban rooftop space above the exhibition hall is somewhat bigger: 14,000 square metres and almost exactly the size of a couple of football pitches. Already, the team of young urban farmers who tend it have picked, in one day, 3,000 lettuces and 150 punnets of strawberries. When the remaining two thirds of the vast open area are in production, 20 staff will harvest up to 1,000 kg of perhaps 35 different varieties of fruit and vegetables, every day. "We’re not ever, obviously, going to feed the whole city this way," cautions Hardy. "In the urban environment you’re working with very significant practical constraints, clearly, on what you can do and where. But if enough unused space can be developed like this, there’s no reason why you shouldn’t eventually target maybe between 5% and 10% of consumption."
Perhaps most significantly, however, this is a real-life showcase for the work of Hardy’s flourishing urban agriculture consultancy, Agripolis, which is currently fielding enquiries from around the world to design, build and equip a new breed of soil-free inner-city farm. "The method’s advantages are many," he says. "First, I don’t much like the fact that most of the fruit and vegetables we eat have been treated with something like 17 different pesticides, or that the intensive farming techniques that produced them are such huge generators of greenhouse gases. I don’t much like the fact, either, that they’ve travelled an average of 2,000 refrigerated kilometres to my plate, that their quality is so poor, because the varieties are selected for their capacity to withstand such substantial journeys, or that 80% of the price I pay goes to wholesalers and transport companies, not the producers."
Produce grown using this soil-free method, on the other hand – which relies solely on a small quantity of water, enriched with organic nutrients, pumped around a closed circuit of pipes, towers and trays – is "produced up here, and sold locally, just down there. It barely travels at all," Hardy says. "You can select crop varieties for their flavour, not their resistance to the transport and storage chain, and you can pick them when they’re really at their best, and not before."No soil is exhausted, and the water that gently showers the plants’ roots every 12 minutes is recycled, so the method uses 90% less water than a classic intensive farm for the same yield.
Urban farming is not, of course, a new phenomenon. Inner-city agriculture is booming from Shanghai to Detroit and Tokyo to Bangkok. Strawberries are being grown in disused shipping containers, mushrooms in underground carparks.Aeroponic farming, he says, is ‘virtuous’. The equipment weighs little, can be installed on almost any flat surface and is cheap to buy: roughly 100 to 150 per square metre. It is cheap to run, too, consuming a tiny fraction of the electricity used by some techniques.
Produce grown this way typically sells at prices that, while generally higher than those of classic intensive agriculture, are lower than soil-based organic growers.There are limits to what farmers can grow this way, of course, and much of the produce is suited to the summer months. "Root vegetables we cannot do, at least not yet," he says."Radishes are OK, but carrots, potatoes, that kind of thing - the roots are simply too long. Fruit trees are obviously not an option. And beans tend to take up a lot of space for not much return."Nevertheless, urban farming of the kind being practised in Paris is one part of a bigger and fast-changing picture that is bringing food production closer to our lives.
Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND / OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.
Complete the table below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 4-7 on your answer sheet.
Intensive farming versus aeroponic urban farming |
|||
|
|
Growth |
Selection |
Sale |
|
Intensive farming |
● wide range of 4 used ● techniques pollute air |
● quality not good ● varieties of fruit and vegetables chosen that can survive long 5 |
● 6 receive very little of overall income |
|
Aeroponic urban farming |
● no soil used ● nutrients added to water, which is recycled |
● produce chosen because of its 7 |
|
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
Urban farming can take place above or below ground.
Some of the equipment used in aeroponic farming can be made by hand.
Urban farming relies more on electricity than some other types of farming.
Fruit and vegetables grown on an aeroponic urban farm are cheaper than traditionally grown organic produce.
Most produce can be grown on an aeroponic urban farm at any time of the year.
Beans take longer to grow on an urban farm than other vegetables.
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G. Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
Bad outcomes for a forest when people focus only on its financial reward
Reference to the aspects of any tree that contribute to its worth
Mention of the potential use of wood to help run vehicles
Examples of insects that attack trees
An alternative name for trees that produce low-use wood
Match each purpose with the correct timber cut, A, B or C.
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 19-21 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
|
A a TSI Cut B a Salvage Cut C a Shelterwood Cut |
To remove trees that are diseased
To generate income across a number of years
To create a forest whose trees are close in age
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.
Which section contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.
A reference to the cooperation that takes place to try and minimise risk
An explanation of a person’s aims
A description of a major collision that occurred in space
A comparison between tracking objects in space and the efficiency of a transportation system
A reference to efforts to classify space junk
Complete the summary below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet.
The committee gives advice on how the 32 of space can be achieved. The committee advises that when satellites are no longer active, any unused 33 or pressurised material that could cause 34 should be removed.
Although operators of large satellite constellations accept that they have obligations as stewards of space, Holger Krag points out that the operators that become 35 are unlikely to prioritise removing their satellites from space.
Match each statement with the correct person, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
|
A Carolin Frueh B Holger Krag C Marlon Sorge D Moriba Jah |
Knowing the exact location of space junk would help prevent any possible danger.
Space should be available to everyone and should be preserved for the future.
A recommendation regarding satellites is widely ignored.
There is conflicting information about where some satellites are in space.
There is a risk we will not be able to undo the damage that occurs in space.
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1 - 13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Urban farming
In Paris, urban farmers are trying a soil-free approach to agriculture that uses less space and fewer resources. Could it help cities face the threats to our food supplies?
On top of a striking new exhibition hall in southern Paris, the world’s largest urban rooftop farm has started to bear fruit. Strawberries that are small, intensely flavoured and resplendently red sprout abundantly from large plastic tubes. Peer inside and you see the tubes are completely hollow, the roots of dozens of strawberry plants dangling down inside them. From identical vertical tubes nearby burst row upon row of lettuces; near those are aromatic herbs, such as basil, sage and peppermint.Opposite, in narrow, horizontal trays packed not with soil but with coconut fibre, grow cherry tomatoes, shiny aubergines and brightly coloured chards.
Pascal Hardy, an engineer and sustainable development consultant, began experimenting with vertical farming and aeroponic growing towers – as the soil-free plastic tubes are known – on his Paris apartment block roof five years ago. The urban rooftop space above the exhibition hall is somewhat bigger: 14,000 square metres and almost exactly the size of a couple of football pitches. Already, the team of young urban farmers who tend it have picked, in one day, 3,000 lettuces and 150 punnets of strawberries. When the remaining two thirds of the vast open area are in production, 20 staff will harvest up to 1,000 kg of perhaps 35 different varieties of fruit and vegetables, every day. "We’re not ever, obviously, going to feed the whole city this way," cautions Hardy. "In the urban environment you’re working with very significant practical constraints, clearly, on what you can do and where. But if enough unused space can be developed like this, there’s no reason why you shouldn’t eventually target maybe between 5% and 10% of consumption."
Perhaps most significantly, however, this is a real-life showcase for the work of Hardy’s flourishing urban agriculture consultancy, Agripolis, which is currently fielding enquiries from around the world to design, build and equip a new breed of soil-free inner-city farm. "The method’s advantages are many," he says. "First, I don’t much like the fact that most of the fruit and vegetables we eat have been treated with something like 17 different pesticides, or that the intensive farming techniques that produced them are such huge generators of greenhouse gases. I don’t much like the fact, either, that they’ve travelled an average of 2,000 refrigerated kilometres to my plate, that their quality is so poor, because the varieties are selected for their capacity to withstand such substantial journeys, or that 80% of the price I pay goes to wholesalers and transport companies, not the producers."
Produce grown using this soil-free method, on the other hand – which relies solely on a small quantity of water, enriched with organic nutrients, pumped around a closed circuit of pipes, towers and trays – is "produced up here, and sold locally, just down there. It barely travels at all," Hardy says. "You can select crop varieties for their flavour, not their resistance to the transport and storage chain, and you can pick them when they’re really at their best, and not before."No soil is exhausted, and the water that gently showers the plants’ roots every 12 minutes is recycled, so the method uses 90% less water than a classic intensive farm for the same yield.
Urban farming is not, of course, a new phenomenon. Inner-city agriculture is booming from Shanghai to Detroit and Tokyo to Bangkok. Strawberries are being grown in disused shipping containers, mushrooms in underground carparks.Aeroponic farming, he says, is ‘virtuous’. The equipment weighs little, can be installed on almost any flat surface and is cheap to buy: roughly 100 to 150 per square metre. It is cheap to run, too, consuming a tiny fraction of the electricity used by some techniques.
Produce grown this way typically sells at prices that, while generally higher than those of classic intensive agriculture, are lower than soil-based organic growers.There are limits to what farmers can grow this way, of course, and much of the produce is suited to the summer months. "Root vegetables we cannot do, at least not yet," he says."Radishes are OK, but carrots, potatoes, that kind of thing - the roots are simply too long. Fruit trees are obviously not an option. And beans tend to take up a lot of space for not much return."Nevertheless, urban farming of the kind being practised in Paris is one part of a bigger and fast-changing picture that is bringing food production closer to our lives.